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Resumo Fundamento Embora os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6 (AGPIs n-3 e n-6) tenham efeitos bem conhecidos sobre os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), ainda existe um conhecimento limitado sobre como eles afetam os indicadores de qualidade da LDL. Objetivo Avaliar as associações dos AGPIs n-3 e n-6 de hemácias com o tamanho da partícula da LDL, LDL-c pequena e densa (sdLDL-c) e com LDL eletronegativa [LDL(-)] em adultos com fatores de risco para DCV. Métodos Estudo transversal com 335 homens e mulheres de 30 a 74 anos com, pelo menos, um fator de risco cardiovascular. Foram realizadas análises de parâmetros bioquímicos, como glicose, insulina, HbA1c, proteína C reativa (PCR), perfil lipídico, subfrações de lipoproteínas, partícula eletronegativa de LDL [LDL(-)] e seu autoanticorpo, e os AGPIs n-3 e n- 6 de hemácias. Os testes t independente/teste de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA unidirecional/teste de Kruskal-Wallis e regressões lineares múltiplas foram aplicados. Todos os testes foram bilaterais e um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A relação n-6/n-3 de hemácias foi associada ao aumento dos níveis de LDL(-) (β = 4,064; IC de 95% = 1,381 - 6,748) e sdLDL-c (β = 1,905; IC de 95% = 0,863 - 2,947), e redução do tamanho das partículas de LDL (β = -1,032; IC de 95% = -1,585 − -0,478). Individualmente, os AGPIs n-6 e n-3 apresentaram associações opostas com esses parâmetros, realçando os efeitos protetores do n-3 e evidenciando os possíveis efeitos adversos do n-6 na qualidade das partículas de LDL. Conclusão O AGPI n-6, presente nas hemácias, foi associado ao aumento do risco cardiometabólico e à aterogenicidade das partículas de LDL, enquanto o AGPI n-3 foi associado a melhores parâmetros cardiometabólicos e à qualidade das partículas de LDL.
Abstract Background While Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) have established effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, little is known about their impacts on LDL quality markers. Objective To assess the associations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA within red blood cells (RBC) with LDL particle size, small dense LDL-c (sdLDL-c), and electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] in adults with CVD risk factors. Methods Cross-sectional study involving 335 men and women aged 30 to 74 with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Analyses were conducted on biochemical parameters, such as glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, lipoprotein subfractions, electronegative LDL particle [LDL(-)] and its autoantibody, and RBC n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple linear regressions were applied. All tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The RBC n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with increased LDL(-) (β = 4.064; 95% CI = 1.381 - 6.748) and sdLDL-c (β = 1.905; 95% CI = 0.863 - 2.947) levels, and reduced LDL particle size (β = -1.032; 95% CI = -1.585 − -0.478). Separately, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs had opposing associations with those parameters, reinforcing the protective effects of n-3 and showing the potential negative effects of n-6 on LDL particle quality. Conclusion RBC n-6 PUFA was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk and atherogenicity of LDL particles, while n-3 PUFA was associated with better cardiometabolic parameters and LDL particle quality.
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Introdução: O envelhecimento da população está associado ao aumento da incidência da doença de Alzheimer (DA), a qual causa graves complicações ao paciente. Os nutrientes imunomoduladores, como os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs) da série ômega 3 (w-3) podem auxiliar na melhora do quadro clínico da DA. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da suplementação de PUFAs w-3 isolado ou associado na população idosa com DA. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura científica nas bases de dados Pubmed e Science Direct, que englobou ensaios clínicos em idosos com provável e/ou comprovado diagnóstico de DA e suplementados com PUFAS w-3 isolado ou associado, no idioma inglês e com os seguintes descritores em saúde (DECs): brain, Alzheimer's disease, fatty docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), older and elderly people e termo de pesquisa: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). O recorte temporal das publicações foi delimitado de 2006 a 2017. Resultados: foram selecionados 10 ensaios clínicos, cuja suplementação de w-3 favoreceu menor declínio no score de miniexame de estado mental (MEEM), retardo da disfunção, melhora no domínio de agitação do inventário neuropsiquiátrico (NPI) e melhora dos sintomas depressivos pela Escala de Depressão de Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS). Foram observadas mudanças significativas como aumento de apetite, peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), EPA e DHA, além de reduções nos níveis séricos de albumina, ácido araquidônico (AA), ácido mirístico, interleucina-6 (IL- 6), interleucina 1 ß (IL-1ß) e fator estimulante de colônias de granulócitos (G-CSF) e redução na liberação de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α). Foram relatadas alterações positivas em alguns genes e em outros, redução de sua expressão, além de hipometilação de importantes genes. Conclusão: A suplementação de PUFAs w-3 exerceu efeito positivo em pacientes com DA grau leve a moderado.
Introduction: Aging of the population is associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which causes severe complications to the patient. Immunomodulatory nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 (w-3) series may help improve the clinical picture of AD. Objective: To analyze the effect of supplementation of isolated or associated w-3 PUFAs in patients with AD. Material and Methods: This is a systematic review of the scientific literature in the Pubmed and Science Direct databases, which included clinical trials in elderly people with probable and / or proven diagnosis of AD supplemented with isolated or associated PUFAS w-3, in English and with the following health descriptors (DECs): brain, Alzheimer's disease, fatty docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), older and elderly people and search term: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).The time cut of publications was delimited from 2006 to 2017. Results: a total of 10 clinical trials were selected, whose w-3 supplementation favored a smaller decline in the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score, delayed dysfunction, improved neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) agitation, and improved depressive symptoms by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS). Significant changes were observed as increased appetite, weight, body mass index (BMI), EPA and DHA, as well as reductions in serum albumin levels, arachidonic acid (AA), myristic acid, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and reduced clearance of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Positive alterations have been reported in some genes and in others, reduction of their expression, besides hypomethylation of important genes. Conclusion: Supplementation of PUFAs w-3 had a positive effect in patients with mild to moderate AD.
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Alzheimer Disease , Aging , Docosahexaenoic Acids , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Fatty Acids, UnsaturatedABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the impact of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on function and expression of store-operated calcium channels (SOCC) in coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) derived from diabetic rat.@*Methods@#A total of 180 healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal group (N, n=45), placebo-treated diabetic group (D, n=45), lose dose n-3 PUFA treated diabetic group (DL, n=45) and high dose n-3 PUFAs treated diabetic group (DH, n=45). Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat animal model was established by two consecutive intraperitoneal injections. After modeling, rats in group DL and DH were treated with 10 mg·kg-1·d-1 and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1 n-3 PUFAs respectively per gavage for eight weeks. After eight weeks, rat coronary artery SMC was isolated by enzyme digestion. Changes of cytosolic calcium concentration in coronary artery SMC were examined by calcium fluorescence imaging technique, coronary artery tension was detected by myograph system, and protein expressions of SOCC on coronary artery SMC were measured by Western blot.@*Results@#SOCC induced ΔF340/F380 of group N, D, DL and DH were 0.425±0.023, 0.838±0.037, 0.342±0.052 and 0.364±0.045 respectively, which was significantly lower in group N, DL, DH than in group D (P<0.05). SOCC induced changes of tensions were 0.94±0.09, 1.95±0.18, 1.35±0.24 and 1.01±0.18 in the group N, D, DL and DH, respectively, which was significantly lower in group N and DH than in group D (P<0.05). Protein expressions of STIM1, Orai1 and TRPC1 were significantly higher in diabetic rat coronary SMC than in group N (P<0.05). STIM1 protein expressions were significantly lower in group DL and DH than in group D, and Orai1 and TRPC1 protein expressions were similar among group.@*Conclusions@#Coronary artery tension, cytosolic calcium concentration and protein expressions of SOCC are higher in diabetic rat coronary artery SMC when compared with normal rats. n-3 PUFA intervention could downregulate the protein expression of SOCC, reduce cytosolic calcium concentration and coronary artery tension, and is protective to the diabetic injury in coronary artery.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of DHA on sevoflurane-induced activation of microglia.Methods N9 mouse microglia were seeded in culture plates (1 ml) or culture dishes (10 ml) at a density of 1 × 106 cells/ml and divided into 4 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table method:control group (C group),DHA group,sevoflurane group (Sevo group) and DHA plus sevoflurane group (DHA+Sevo group).Group C received no treatment.Cells were incubated in the culture medium containing 25 μmol/L DHA in DHA and DHA+Sevo groups.Cells were exposed to 2％ sevoflurane in Sevo and DHA +Sevo groups.At 24 h of culture,activated microglia were detected and counted by immunohistochemistry,the rate of CD11b positive cells was calculated,the expression of microglial biomarker CD1lb was detected by Western blot,and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin1 beta (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared with C and DHA groups,the rate of C D 11 b positive cells was significantly increased,the expression of CD11 b was upregulated,and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased in Sevo group (P＜0.05).Compared with Sevo group,the rate of CD11b positive cells was significantly decreased,the expression of CD11b was down-regulated,and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased in DHA + Sevo group (P＜0.05).Conclusion DHA can decrease inflammatory responses through reducing sevoflurane-induced activation of microglia.
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PURPOSE: Malnutrition may influence neurocognitive development in children by directly affecting the brain structural development, or indirectly by affecting the children's cognition experience. Malnutrition alters the cell numbers, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission due to inadequate availability of necessary micronutrients to support cell growth. We aimed to analyze neurocognitive development in infants with malnutrition and its association with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), micronutrients levels and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings. METHODS: The study included two groups; group 1, infants with malnutrition (n=24), group 2; healthy infants (n=21). Peripheral blood was obtained from the participants for studying micronutrients and LC-PUFA levels. The neurocognitive development was analyzed by the use of an Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory test. MRS were performed on all infants. RESULTS: All parameters of neurocognitive development and serum calcium (9.6±0.9 mg/dL vs. 10.4±0.3 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and magnesium (2.02±0.27 mg/dL vs. 2.2±0.14 mg/dL, p < 0.05) levels were noted as being low in infants with marked malnutrition. No difference was found in LC-PUFA levels between healthy and malnourished infants. Thalamic choline/creatine levels were significantly high in infants with malnutrition (1.33±0.22 vs. 1.18±0.22, p < 0.05). Total neurocognitive development in infants was positively correlated with serum calcium levels (p < 0.05, r=0.381). CONCLUSION: Calcium supplementation may improve neurocognitive development in malnourished infants.
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Child , Humans , Infant , Brain , Calcium , Cell Count , Cell Movement , Cognition , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Magnesium , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Malnutrition , Mass Screening , Micronutrients , Spectrum Analysis , Synaptic TransmissionABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of supplemental Revolvin D1 (RvD1) on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.Methods 35 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (NC group) and high glucose and high fat diet group.After 8 weeks,mice in high glucose and high fat diet group were given intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 100 mg/ kg.Then they were randomly divided into two groups:Type 2 diabetes group (T2DM group) and type 2 diabetes + RvD1 intervention group (T2DM + RvD1 group).Mice in T2DM group mice were injected with phosphate buffer saline 0.2 ml and T2DM + RvD1 group mice were injected with Revolvin D1 100 ng/day respectively.The levels of fasting blood glucose,serum insulin and inflammatory factors were detected.The mRNA expression level of TLR4 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method,and the expression of TLR4 protein was detected by Western blot.Results The levels of insulin resistance index,interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in T2DM group and T2DM + RvD1 group increased (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the T2DM group,the levels of insulin resistance index,IL-6 and TNF-α in T2DM + RvD1 group decreased (P ＜0.05).The expression of TLR4 protein in T2DM group and T2DM + RvD1 group was higher than that in NC group (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of TLR4 protein in T2DM + RvD1 group,was lower than that in T2DM group (P ＜0.05).The mRNA level of TLR4 in mice was consistent with the above results by RT-qPCR.Conclusions Moderate supplementation of RvD1 can not only decrease the level of inflammatory factors in type 2 diabetic mice,but also reduce the expression of TLR4 and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.
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Objective To investigate the improvement effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by high fat diet.Methods Thirty Wister male rats were divided into the control group,model group and n-3 PUFA group.The high fat feeding was adopted to establish NAFLD model.After 20 weeks of experiment,7 cases were extracted from each group for detecting serum and liver total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglyceride(TG);other 3 cases were performed the liver HE staining,the levels of MCP-1,iNOS,TNF-α mRNA protein were detected by using the Real time quantitative PCR(qPCR) and Western blot.Results The TC and TG levels in serum and livers of the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01),but which were evidently decreased after adding n-3 PUFA(P＜0.05).The HE staining clearly observed the rat hepatic cells fatty degeneration in the model group,while polyunsaturated fatty acid had obvious improvement effect on it.The inflammatory molecule MCP-1,iNOS,TNF-α gene expression levels in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05),while the expression levels of MCP-1,iNOS and TNF-α in the n-3PUFA group were significantly decreased compared with the model group.Conclusion High fat feeding can cause the severe fatty degeneration in rat liver,but polyunsaturated fatty acid can play obvious improvement effect.
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Objective To investigate the improvement effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by high fat diet.Methods Thirty Wister male rats were divided into the control group,model group and n-3 PUFA group.The high fat feeding was adopted to establish NAFLD model.After 20 weeks of experiment,7 cases were extracted from each group for detecting serum and liver total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglyceride(TG);other 3 cases were performed the liver HE staining,the levels of MCP-1,iNOS,TNF-α mRNA protein were detected by using the Real time quantitative PCR(qPCR) and Western blot.Results The TC and TG levels in serum and livers of the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01),but which were evidently decreased after adding n-3 PUFA(P＜0.05).The HE staining clearly observed the rat hepatic cells fatty degeneration in the model group,while polyunsaturated fatty acid had obvious improvement effect on it.The inflammatory molecule MCP-1,iNOS,TNF-α gene expression levels in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05),while the expression levels of MCP-1,iNOS and TNF-α in the n-3PUFA group were significantly decreased compared with the model group.Conclusion High fat feeding can cause the severe fatty degeneration in rat liver,but polyunsaturated fatty acid can play obvious improvement effect.
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Objective To explore the role of resolvin D1 in reducing brain injury after porcine cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its potential mechanisms.Methods Twenty-eight male domestic pigs weighing (36 ±3)kg were utilized.The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =7 each):sham operation group (group S),cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (group CPR),low-dose resolvin D1 gToup (group LRD),and high-dose resolvin D1 group (group HRD).The animals in group S only got the general preparation without the procedure of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.The pig model was established by 8 mins of untreated ventricular fibrillation and then 5 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.At 5 min post-resuscitation,the doses of resolvin D10.3 μg/kg,and 0.6 μg/kg were correspondingly injected via the femoral vein in LRD and HRD groups,and meanwhile the same amount of vehicle was given into the animals inthe other two groups.At 3 h,6 h and 24 h post-resuscitation,the concentrations of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100B protein (S100B) in serum was measured.At 24 h post-resuscitation,neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated;thereafter the pigs were sacrificed,and cerebral cortex was obtained for the determination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6),and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents,and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Results Compared to group S,post-resuscitation brain injury was observed in the other three groups,which was indicated by significantly increased NDS score,and markedly elevated concentrations of serum NSE and S100B.Compared to group CPR,the NDS was significantly decreased at 24 h post-resuscitation,and the concentrations of serum NSE and S100B were significantly reduced at 6 h and 24 h post-resuscitation in LRD and HRD groups.Compared to group LRD,the NDS score and its serum markers were further significantly decreased in group HRD.The inflammatory response and oxidative stress in brain tissue were observed in all the animals experiencing cardiac arrest and resuscitation,which were indicated by increased contents of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA and decreased SOD activity.Compared to group CPR,the contents of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA were significantly decreasedwhile SOD activity was significantly increased in LRD and HRD groups.The indicators of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in brain tissue were further significantly improved in group HRD when compared to group LRD.Conclusions Resolvin D1 can reduce post-resuscitation brain injury in a dose-dependent manner in swine,and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of endogenous cystathionine-γ-1yase (CSE)/ hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and resolvin E1 (RvE1) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC),and its effect on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.Methods The distribution and expression of CSE proteins in the rectum mucosa in 60 cases of UC and 30 cases of normal control group were detected by Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex (SABC) immunohistochemistry.The average optical density value of CSE was analyzed with an Image Analyzing systems.The expression of CSE mRNA in the rectum mucosa was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The levels of H2S and RvE1 in sera were detected by spectrophotometry.Results The expressions of CSE proteins in three groups were detected in the rectum mucosa membrane epithelia.The average optical density value of CSE and the expression of CSE mRNA in patients with active UC were higher than that in normal group and remission of UC.The levels of H2S and RyE1 in patients with active UC were significantly higher than that in normal group and remission of UC.Conclusions The abnormal expressions of CSE/H2S and RyE1 in activity of the UC might play an important role in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Objective@#To study the tolerance to ovalbumin (OVA) in suckling mice whose mothers had different doses of docosahexenoic acid (DHA) microalgae oil (DMO) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation.@*Method@#According to different doses of DMO fed to mother mice during pregnancy and lactation, 66 suckling mice were divided into four groups. Suckling mice whose mothers were fed with 0.7% DMO were designated as low dose group (group L) (n=16), 2.1% DMO as middle dose group (group M) (n=16), 3.5% DMO as high dose group (group H) (n=17) and no DMO as control group (n=17). Before exposing to OVA, 8 suckling mice were killed in each group at 21-day-old. Remaining suckling mice were killed at 59-day-old after repeated OVA exposure. The serum polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels of suckling mice were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at the age of 21- and 59-day.Histological examinations of jejunum were performed by HE staining and the mast cells in jejunum were observed by toluidine blue staining. OVA-IgE in serum, total IgA and OVA-IgA in the feces and IL-4 and IFN-γ in the supernatants of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) were measured by ELISA. Real time PCR was performed to identify the gene expression of IL-10, TGF-β1 mRNA in SMC. Differences among groups were compared by one-way AVOVA and that between each group were compared by LSD.@*Result@#In group M and H, the serum levels of n-3DHA (108±29)μg/ml; (102±34)μg/ml vs.(40±19)μg/ml (F=12.052, P=0.000)and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (6.7±2.3)μg/ml; (7.7±2.0)μg/ml vs. (3.9±1.1)μg/ml(F=9.573, P=0.000) were significantly higher than that in control group at the age of 21-day. The serum levels of n-3DHA were higher in group H (17.1±2.9)μg/ml than that in control group (5.9±3.3) μg/ml after repeated OVA exposure at the age of 59-day (F=10.339, P<0.000). Compared with control group (53±12) pg/ml, the levels of IL-4 in SMC in group H (42±9)pg/ml were lower (F=2.484, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The serum levels of DHA in baby mice, whose mothers was fed with DMO during pregnancy and lactation, were significantly increased till adulthood. However, the effect on tolerance to OVA was limited.
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To evaluate the effects of different high-fat diets on body mass, carbohydrate metabolism and testicular morphology in rats seven months old.
Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: SC (standard chow), HF-S (high fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids), HF-P (high fat diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), HF-SP (high fat diet rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids). The rats were fed for 16 weeks. Blood samples, testes and genital fat deposits were collected for analysis. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test, considering p<0.05 as statistically significant.
Different high-fat diets promoted an increase in the body mass (p<0.0001). The genital fat deposits were higher in the high-fat groups (HF-S, HF-P, HF-SP) (p=0.0004). Regarding serum parameters, the animals in the HF-S and HF-SP groups presented hyperglycemia (p=0.0060), hyperinsulinemia (p=0.0030) and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.0021). All of the hyperlipidemic groups showed hyperleptinemia (p=0.0019). Concerning the testis, the HF-S group showed a reduction on the seminiferous epithelium height (p=0.0003) and cell proliferation (p=0.0450). Seminiferous tubule diameter was lower in the HF-SP than in the SC group (p=0.0010).
The high fat diet administration, independent of the lipid quality, promotes overweight. Diet rich in saturated fatty acids (lard) alters the carbohydrate metabolism and the testicular morphology with reductions of seminiferous epithelium height, seminiferous tubule diameter and cell proliferation which could be related to a disturbance of spermatogenesis.
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Animals , Male , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Testis/anatomy & histology , Testis/metabolism , Cholesterol/blood , Fatty Acids/adverse effects , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Leptin/blood , Organ Size , Overweight/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Reference Values , Spermatogenesis , Time Factors , Testosterone/blood , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the protective effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on severe sepsis patients with myocardial injury.Methods Thirty-one patients with severe sepsis were divided into treatment group (17 cases) and control group (14 cases) by random digits table.All patients received partial enteral nutrition and partial parenteral nutrition with equivalent nitrogen and calorie values for 5 days.The control group was given routine therapy and the treatment group was given routine therapy and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids emulsion.The serum malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD),cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTnI),N-terminal pro-B urine sodium peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score was compared between two groups before and after treatment.Results There was no difference in indicators before treatment between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The MDA,cTnI,NT-proBNP and APACHE Ⅱ score in two groups after treatment 5 days was lower than that before treatment 1 day,and the SOD was higher than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.05).The MDA,SOD,cTnI and NT-proBNP after treatment 5 days in treatment group was better than that in control group [(7.50 ±2.06) mmol/L vs.(9.24 ± 1.79) mmol/L,(89.22 ± 16.21) mU/L vs.(76.60 ± 15.13) mU/L,(0.65 ± 0.34)μ g/L vs.(1.03 ± 0.62) μ g/L,(1267.13 ± 279.26) ng/L vs.(1532.47 ± 375.73) ng/L],and there was significant difference between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).The APACHE Ⅱ score was no significant difference between two groups after treatment 5 days.Conclusion ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce the oxidative stress and myocardial injury,decrease cTnI and NT-proBNP levels and improve heart function in the patients with severe sepsis.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of CYP 1B 1 (cytochrome P-450 1B1) gene silencing induced by small interference RNA (siRNA) on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid). Methods: The proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with EPA or AA was detected by CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay. The expression of CYP1B1 was interfered by RNAi (RNA interference) technique. The transfection efficiency was examined by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR (RFQ-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The expression levels of CYP1B1 and COMT (catechol-O -methyltransferase) mRNAs and proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells interfered with siRNA and treated with EPA or AA were determined by RFQ-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The viability of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells interfered with siRNA and treated with EPA or AA was detected by CCK-8 assay. Results: The cell number of EPA-treated group was lower while the cell number of AA-treated group was higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). The expression levels of CYP1B1 mRNA and protein were decreased in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with CYP1B1 siRNA, while the expression levels of COMT mRNA and protein were increased. The proliferation of MDA-MB -231 cells transfected with CYP1B1 siRNA was inhibited, and the number of MDA-MB -231 cells treated with EPA was significantly higher than that of the negative control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: CYP 1B 1 gene silencing inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells and reverses the inhibitory effect of EPA on the cell proliferation. EPA probably inhibits the cell proliferation through regulating the expression of CYP1B1 in breast cancer. © 2012 by Tumor.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) preconditioning on liver injury in a rat model of traumatic shock.MethodsForty-eight male Wistar rats aged 3 months weighing 240-260 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =12 each): sham operation group (group S) ; group S + ω-3 PUFA; traumatic shock group (group TS) and group TS + ω-3 PUFA.In groups S + ω-3 PUFA and group TS + ω-3 PUFA,ω-3 PUFA 2 ml/kg was injected via the caudal vein at 12 and 2 h before induction of traumatic shock.In groups S and TS,normal saline was given instead of ω-3 PUFA.Traumatic shock was induced by fracture of femur and hemorrhage in groups TS and TS + ω-3 PUFA.The arterial blood samples were taken at 2 h after induction of traumatic shock for determination of serum activities of ALT,AST and concentrations of 8-iso-prostagiandin F2,(8-iso-PGF2α) and TNF-α.The liver was removed for determination of levels of SOD and MDA,glutathione (GSH)and microscopic examination.ResultsCompared with group S,the serum ALT,AST,8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α levels and MDA content in the liver tissues and score of liver injury were significantly increased,but the liver tissues levels of SOD,GSH were decreased in groups TS and TS + ω-3 PUFA( P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with group TS,the serum ALT,AST,8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α levels and MDA content in the liver tissues and score of liver injury were significantly decreased,but SOD activity and GSH content in the liver tissues were increased in group TS + ω-3 PUFA( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Conclusionω-3 PUFA preconditioning can reduced liver injury in a rat model of traumatic shock through inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inflammatory reaction.
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Objective To establish a method for very long chain fatty acids( VLCFA )with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry( LC-MS/MS ). Methods One hundred and one healthy cases and 35 suspected ALD patients collected from April to June in 2009 were enrolled into this study. Quantitative analyzed the concentrations of VLCFA in serum was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The precision, accuracy and recovery were analyzed, and the stability of VLCFA concentration of sample under room temperature and repeated freeze-thawing were also investigated. Serum levels of VLCFA in 101 normal cases were determined and analyzed statistically. The results for the 35 randomly chosen serum samples were compared with those from MDI in Germany. Results Serum VLCFA were separated well under these gradient condition with small interference. The linear range of C22:0 was from 2 mg/L to 64 mg/L, the recovery was 99. 92% -102. 05%, and the relative standard deviation ( RSD ) of intra-day and inter-day was less than 6% and 9% respectively. For C24:0 they were 2-64 mg/L. 95. 12%-100. 44%. ≤6%, ≤7%,respectively. For C26:0, they were 0-8 mg/L, 92.21%-103.71%, ≤7%, ≤8%, respectively. The accuracy of C22: 0,C24:0 and C26:0 were among 85% to 115%. The samples could be stable within 12 h at room temperature and repeated 10 times freeze-thawing. The values of VLCFA in 101 normal cases followed a normal distribution and the measured values were C22:0 =( 19. 43 ±4.43 ) mg/L,C24:0 =( 19. 10 ±4. 58 )mg/L, C26:0 = ( 0. 21 ± 0. 11 ) mg/L, the ratio of C24: 0/C22:0 and C26:0/C22: 0 were ( 0. 99 ± 0. 13 )and ( 0. 01 ±0. 01 ) respectively. The statistical analysis showed the concentration of C26:0 in adults ( 0. 18±0. 10 ) mg/L and children ( 0. 21 ± 0. 08 ) mg/L, C24: 0/C22:0 in adults ( 1.01 ± 0. 10 ) and children ( 0. 99 ±0. 14 ) has no significant( t values were 1. 439,0. 806, respectively, all P ＞ 0. 05 ); the ratio of C24:0/C22:0 in male (1.05 ± 0. 10 ) and female (0.97 ± 0. 10 ) has significant difference ( t =3. 394,P =0. 001 ). Compared the values determined by MDI laboratory, the results of C22: 0( 16. 93 ±4. 30 ) mg/L,C24: 0( 19. 57 ± 6. 40 ) mg/L by this method and C22:0 ( 13.85 ± 3. 17 ) mg/L, C24:0( 16. 10 ±5.84 ) mg/L by MDI have significant differences( t = 8. 401 ,P =0. 000;t =9. 914,P =0. 000 ),but C26:0( 0.68 ±0.48 ) mg/L, C24:0/C22:0( 1.20 ±0.40 ), C26: 0/C22:0 ( 0.04 ±0.04 )by this method and C26: 0( 0. 65 ± 0. 67 ) mg/L, C24:0/C22: 0( 1.19 ± 0. 43 ), C26:0/C22: 0 ( 0. 05 ± 0. 05 )by MDI have no differences( t values were 0. 372,0. 317,0. 945 ,respectively ,all P ＞0. 05 ). Conclusions The quantitative analysis method for serum very long chain fatty acid using LC-MS/MS is accurate, sensitive,specific and stable. It could provide important biochemistry information for diagnosis in clinic.
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Objetivos: identificar a quantidade de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans descritas nos rótulos de biscoitos recheados e verificar se existe associação entre o preço e a quantidade de gorduras trans.Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 25 pacotes de biscoitos recheados de diferentes tipos e marcas, copiando-se de cada rótulo as informações necessárias. Para análise dos resultados foram efetuados cálculos de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e correlação de Spearmann.Resultados: os resultados apontam uma preocupação no consumo desses biscoitos, uma vez que a média dos biscoitos de duas marcas apresentaram valores próximos e que ultrapassam a recomendação máxima de gorduras trans (2,0 g) em uma porção média de 30 g (1,78 g e 2,05 g), com base em uma dieta de 2000 quilocalorias. Verificou-se também associação positiva entre preço e quantidade de gorduras trans (p<0,001) e associação inversa entre preço e quantidade de gordura saturada (p=0,003).Conclusões: quanto maior a quantidade de gorduras trans, menor a quantidade de gordura saturada e menor preço.Sugere-se uma revisão na legislação quanto à inserção da quantidade exata de gorduras trans no rótulo, uma vez que o consumo elevado dessas gorduras está associado a dislipidemias, um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular.
Aims: To identify the amount of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat described on the labels of filled cookies and to verify the association between price and trans fat content.Methods: The sample consisted of 25 packages of different types and brands of filled cookies, obtaining the necessary information from every label. Calculations of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation of Spearman were carried out.Results: The results call the attention for the consumption of these cookies, since the average of cookies of two brands presented values close and up to the daily recommendation of trans fat (2.0 g) in an average portion of 30 g (1.78 g and 2.05 g), based on a diet of 2000 kilocalories. We have also found a direct relation between price and trans fat value and reverse relation between price and saturated fat value.Conclusion: The more trans fat, the smaller price and quantity of saturate fat were found. We suggest a revision in the legislation regarding the inclusion of the exact amount of trans fat in the labels of every product, because high intakes of these fats are associated with dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Industrialized Foods , Cookies , Heart Diseases , Food Composition , Food Economics , Fats, Unsaturated , Hydrogenation , Legislation, Food , Fatty Acids, UnsaturatedABSTRACT
A aterosclerose, principal responsável pela patogênese do infarto miocárdico e cerebral, bem como pela gangrena e por outras doenças vasculares periféricas, permanece como principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade nas populações "ocidentalizadas". Estima-se que 17,5 milhões de pessoas morreram por doenças cardiovasculares em 2005, o que representou 30 por cento das causas de morte nesse ano, e que, em 2015, 20 milhões de pessoas morrerão por doenças cardiovasculares no mundo. Os ácidos graxos n-3, principalmente os de cadeia longa, encontrados nos peixes, têm-se mostrado particularmente úteis na prevenção e tratamento de doenças como dislipidemias, diabetes mellitus e obesidade, apresentando importante efeito cardioprotetor. Nesse contexto, pesquisas têm evidenciado que ao menos parte dos benefícios dos ácidos graxos eicosapentaenóico e docosahexaenóico sobre o risco de doenças cardiovasculares é decorrente da modulação de genes responsivos aos receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomos e envolvidos no metabolismo lipídico. Nesta revisão, pretende-se expor alguns mecanismos de ação dos ácidos graxos n-3 e n-6 sobre o metabolismo de lipídeos e de lipoproteínas. Conclui-se que muitos aspectos que contribuem para o risco de doenças cardiovasculares são afetados pela ingestão de n-3. Além da redução de triglicérides, fatores como o aumento de adiponectina, a redução da concentração de colesterol plasmático e a melhora do transporte reverso de colesterol também são responsáveis pela redução do risco de aterosclerose promovida pelos ácidos graxos n-3. No entanto, ainda são necessários estudos adicionais para definir mais claramente os mecanismos celulares e moleculares responsáveis pelo efeito cardioprotetor dos ácidos graxos n-3.
Atherosclerosis, the main cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, gangrene and other peripheral vascular diseases, also persists as the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Western populations. Roughly 17.5 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2005, representing 30 percent of the causes of death in that year, and in 2015, another 20 million people will die of cardiovascular diseases around the world. The n-3 fatty acids, especially the long-chain n-3 found in fish, have been shown to be particularly effective in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as dyslipidemias, diabetes mellitus and obesity, presenting an important cardioprotective effect. In this context, studies have found that at least some of the cardiovascular benefits associated with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids regard the modulation of genes that respond to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors involved in lipid metabolism. This review will discuss some of the mechanisms of action of some n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins. In conclusion, many aspects that contribute to the risk of cardiovascular diseases are affected by n-3 intake. N-3 fatty acids not only reduce triglycerides, but also promote factors that increase adiponectin, reduce blood cholesterol levels and improve the reverse cholesterol transport, and all of these contribute to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. However, additional studies are still necessary to elucidate all the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the cardioprotective effect of n-3 fatty acids.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that some omega-3 (omega-3) PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and dodecahexaenoic acid (DHA), have protective effects on acute and chronic UV-induced changes. However, the effects of other omega-3 PUFAs including 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) (ETA) on UV-induced skin damages are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the cutaneous photoprotective effects of ETA in hairless mice in vivo. Female HR-1 hairless mice were topically treated with vehicle (ethanol:polyethylene glycol=30:70) only, 0.1% ETA, or 1% ETA once a day for 3 successive days after one time UV irradiation (200 mJ/cm2) on dorsal skins. Skin biopsy was carried out on the fourth day (72 hr after UV irradiation). We found that topical treatment with ETA attenuated UV-induced epidermal and dermal thickness and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and impairment of skin barrier function. In addition, ETA suppressed the expression of IL-1beta, COX-2, and MMP-13 induced by UV irradiation. Our results show that the topical application of ETA protects against UV-induced skin damage in hairless mice and suggest that ETA can be a potential agent for preventing and/or treating UV-induced inflammation and photoaging.
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OBJETIVO:Determinar se fontes lipídicas com diferentes razões de ácidos graxos insaturados e saturados (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA na dieta altera o perfil lipídico tecidual, a concentração de lipídios (mg/g) dos tecidos hepáticos e mesentérico e a digestibilidade lipídica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada cromatografia gasosa para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos nos tecidos hepático e adiposo de ratos alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas. O coeficiente de digestibilidade foi determinado a partir da relação entre a quantidade de lipídios consumidos e a quantidade fecal excretada. RESULTADOS:Diferentes fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja, manteiga, margarina e gorduras de porco e de peixe) não alteraram o coeficiente de digestibilidade e o peso hepático, mas alteraram a deposição de lipídios em todos os tecidos adiposos estudados. Não foi possível fazer a correlação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos não essenciais e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, visto que a lipogênese de novo impede a identificação dos ácidos graxos dietários. CONCLUSÃO:Não foi constatada uma relação direta entre o perfil dietário dos ácidos graxos e sua deposição nos tecidos estudados, exceto para os ácidos graxos trans e linoléico (C18:2) que não são sintetizados no rato. Esses ácidos graxos apresentaram uma concentração tecidual diretamente proporcional àquela das fontes dietárias. Quanto à razão (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA, encontrada no tecido hepático dos diferentes grupos, observa-se que esta foi diretamente proporcional aos valores apresentados pelas fontes lipídicas dietárias. Entretanto, essa associação não foi observada nos tecidos adiposos analisados.
OBJECTIVE:To determine if lipid sources with different unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios, (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA in the diet alter the lipid profile of tissues, the lipid concentration (mg/g) of the hepatic and mesenteric tissues and the lipid digestibility. METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to determine the profile of fatty acids in the hepatic and adipose tissues of rats fed with different lipid sources. The digestibility coefficient was determined based on the ratio between lipid intake and excreted in the feces. RESULTS:Different lipid sources (soy oil, butter, margarine and pig and fish fat) did not alter the digestibility coefficient and the hepatic weight, but they altered the lipid deposition in all adipose tissue evaluated. No direct correlation was observed between dietary non-essential fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, because of de novo which impedes the identification of the dietary fatty acid. CONCLUSION:A direct relationship was not verified between the dietary fatty acid profile and its deposition in the studied adipose tissues, except for the trans and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids which are not synthesized in the rat. The tissue concentration of these fatty acids was directly proportional to their dietary sources. The (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA ratio found in the hepatic tissue of the different groups, was directly proportional to the values presented in the dietary lipid sources. However, this association was not observed in the adipose tissue.